· 我的司机们
Sri lanka bio gas project
2009-2-19 16:07:31 阅读(4) 评论(0)
1. Background of Sri Lanka
1.1 Sri Lanka energy and livestock development analysis
Sri Lanka is a severely energy short and impoverished country, especially in the 2003 tsunami-affected coastal regions. In addition, Sri Lanka has been highly depending on the petroleum products for electricity generation, transportation and industrial production. CEB continued to depend highly on thermal power. In 2007, about 60 per cent of total electricity generation was from thermal power. In the presence of escalating oil price, Sri Lanka economy is vulnerable to oil price shock.
On the other side Sri Lanka is agriculture country while the livestock sector plays a significant role in the Sri Lanka’s economy with its potential to contribute towards income generation, livelihood improvement and poverty alleviation. Its importance in improving nutrition status of people through the supply of animal proteins is well recognized. large quantities of milk and dairy products are imported, mostly in the form of milk powder. The current import bill on milk and dairy products amounts to Rs. 19.3 billion (2007), which is alarmingly high. The government has therefore recognized the dairy sector as the ‘priority sector’ in livestock development. The Ministry of Livestock Development is aim is to be at least 50% self sufficient in milk by the year 2015 so as to improve the nutritional status of the population. However, a problem has been arising during the livestock development expansion. The lack of adequate methods to handle the cow dung lead to sever environmental and health hazard.
Up to date there are about 5,000 bio gas units constructed in Sri Lanka and in most of the units the efficiency of bio gas production is not sufficient due to poor construction technology. Lack of expert knowledge on bio gas construction, poor maintenance by the farmer, non availability of trained technicians are some of the constrains identified which hinders expansion and utilization of bio gas in Sri Lanka.
1.2 The Ministry of Livestock development Sri Lanka in cooperation with Global Environmental Institute (GEI) supported by Blue Moon Fund implement the bio gas project in Sri Lanka
Subsequent to a visit in 2004, by the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Livestock, Lands and Irrigation of the government of Sri Lanka (the Ministry), to the People’s Republic of China to study agricultural development in the latter country, the Sri Lanka delegation had an opportunity to study the use of animal manure to generate bio-gas at farm level. The Global Environmental Institute (GEI) of China was spearheading a program assisting Chinese farmers on the utilization of biogas using farm manure. Being impressed by the multiple uses of bio-gas production systems at the farmers’ level in China and its benefits for saving energy from fossil fusels, the Ministry in cooperation with GEI submitted a proposal in 2005 to the Blue Moon Fund in the USA, which supports the use of alternate energy sources in developing countries. The Ministry proposed funding from the Blue Moon Fund to obtain the technical assistance and management from GEI to replicate the Institutes China-based biogas program in Sri Lanka.
2. The achievement at present
After GIE and The Ministry of Livestock Development come to an agreement of begin the joint-project. Both side has appoint coordinator and implement the project since Nov 2007. GEI send a bio gas engineer to assist the project implementation while the Ministry is response to select local masons for technician training and farmers for bio gas construction. Up to nowadays, more than 30 masons took part in bio gas construction training while approximately 100 farmers has build up new sty bio gas. Among these bio gas tanks the maximum site is 50 cubic meters and the minimum site is 6 cubic meters which is in accordance with the farmers’ livestock varieties and the quantity of their animals. All these new sty bio gas distributed at 5 different provinces including Western Province, Central Province, Southern Province, Sabaragamuwa Province, North western Province. Also, qualified masons train by GEI engineer are all registered on provincial Animal and Health office or training centre.
3. The introduction of Chinese new sty bio gas system
3.1 Compare to the local old sty bio gas unit the new sty is obviously different.
1. The new sty has two separate tanks one is for dung fermentation the other one is for gas storage.
2. The new shy has two outlets one is for pressure balance the other is manual pump for spent slurry outlet and fermentation tank circulation so as to improve the bio gas production.
3.2 The system improvement can create an innovation to bio gas concept.
1. There’s sufficient gas for daily utilization. The old sty can only storage bio gas 0.5—0.6m3 while the new sty can hold 2m3.
2. Constant gas pressure. The old sty bio gas pressure would gradually become weaker after a short team fire while the new sty not.
3. Long distance gas transport. The old sty bio gas transport is limited within 30 metres while the new sty not the longest one has done in Sri Lanka is 150m.
4. The formation tank can hold more amount of dung.
5. It is easy for farmers’ management. With the outlet pump farmers only need to handle it once a week so that gas will come effectively.
6. More than 20 years can be use.
3. Bio gas project influence among farmers.
The farmer who has followed the GEI technology to construct the new sty bio gas was delight and pride for having the bio gas unit. Famers are exciting for the strong power when using the bio gas for cooking. With the sufficient bio gas, they stop purchasing firewood and LP gas any more. Even they use bio gas rice cooker for cooking rice and save money from electrical burning. What’s more, with the bio gas lamp children can study under and the house lighten. Besides, the bio gas slurry is a high value fertilizer for planting. Farmers utilize the slurry due to their different situation such as for coconut, tea and vegetable etc.
In order two know how exactly farmers benefit from the bio gas project. We got an interview to central province and western province. The interview report is as follow.
Mr. R.W.Pereva. Peradeniya Kandy
Interviewer: What is the obvious benefit after you constructed the bio gas unit?
M: I use bio gas for cooking three meals a day and no need to buy LP gas and firewood which cost me Rs4000 to Rs5000 per month.
I: Besides saving money form fossil fuel, is there other thing this bio gas satisfy you？
M: Frankly, it even improves our family life. Because now we can freely cook everything thing we like. Look back the old days, we just select the short time cooking food due to the expensive LP gas. Further, I have 6 cows and the cow dung is big problem for me. Before, the corner of my yard was heaped with cow dung and the drainage is full of dung also, the dirty surround always made me upset. However, now all the dung and urine are directly flow to the bio gas tank and I really satisfy in my yard.
I: How do you deal with the slurry?
M (Smile on his face): I air the slurry and sell them to my neighbours who cultivate vegetable or paddy. Each mouth I can earn Rs1000 from selling 2 bags dry slurry which Rs500 per bag.
I: how much you pay for this bio gas construction?
M: actually, I spent Rs50,000 and the Ministry support Rs50,000. So within one year I can get back the money from saving and even I can get income by selling slurry.
Mr. Suran Fernando, 131 Andiambalama Minuwangoda
I: How long have you use this new sty bio gas.
S: 14 months since Nov 2007.
I: what is the bio gas brings to your family.
S: obviously, I didn’t buy LP gas or collected firewood from then on. What delighted me a lot is the bio gas rice cooker. Apart from using electrical rice cooker I can save 40 to 50 units of electricity.
I: can you calculate how much you save from using the bio gas?
S: I just tell you I can directly save LP gas is more Rs20,000 except the money saving from fertilizer and electricity.
4. The bio gas project has regenerated farmers’ faith and influenced on policy and standard.
This new sty bio gas fascinates more and more farmers. They begin to trust the new one will really benefit them. Farmers lost faith in the old sty bio gas due to its inefficacy for a long time, so regenerate farmers’ faith in bio gas usage is a meaningful work to this country.
Base on the success of this project the Ministry of Livestock Development has publish a “new bio gas manual” in local language. Besides, the Sri Lanka Standard Institute has compiled a "CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BIO GAS SYSTEM".
In accordance with the positive response from farmers, an increasing number of farmers are requesting bio gas construction. The Ministry has decided to allocate some amount of fund for supporting the bio gas construction meanwhile to encourage farmers to further development of livestock. Farmers can submit an application to the local provincial director office for bio gas construction subsidy and assistance.
Furthermore, bio gas construction has been listed as a low interest supporting project which is 14% compare to commercial loan as 24%. If farmers are lack of money for the full amount cost, they can get loan from the Central Bank.
5. This project facilitates compositive development for Sri Lanka.
With the increasing of bio gas usage Sri Lanka can release from high pressure of shortage of fossil fuel. Meanwhile improve the rural live.
The government can save expenditure from fertilizer subsidies for the bio gas slurry can take the place of fertilizer.
The bio gas construction also can improve the development of livestock especially cow cultivation to meet the increasing request of milk and powder.
6. Emission Reduction
According to the data from Sri Lanka, the local people use 2 tons of firewood and 4 cans of LPG (13 kg/can) per household. And one 10 m3 biogas is enough for one household.
According to AMS-I.C:
Baseline Emission = Emission from firewood + Emission from LPG
Emission from firewood = firewood consumption * Emission Factors (tc/TJ)* Oxidation Factor (%)*Low Calorific Value （MJ/t,km）= 2 tons * 25.8 tc/TJ*100%*20908（MJ/t）*44/12=3.96 tons
Emission from LPG = LPG consumption * Emission Factors (tc/TJ)* Oxidation Factor (%)*Low Calorific Value （MJ/t,km）= 42 kg * 17.2 tc/TJ*100%*50179（MJ/t）*44/12 =132.9kg=0.133 tons
Baseline Emission=3.96+0.133=4.09 tons
Project Emission includes leakage from biogas digester and CH4 emissions from incomplete combustion. There is no specific data, but according to project “Biogas Support Program - Nepal (BSP-Nepal)”. Project Emission is 0.96 tons for 10 m3.
Emission Reduction:
Emission Reduction = Baseline Emission - Project Emission = 3.13 tons.
So the emission reduction for 10 m3 is 3.13 tons per year.
7. The project strategy for near future.
For the expansion of this bio gas project, GEI has suggested the Ministry submit an application for Chinese government donation through ERD to Embassy of the PRC in Sri Lanka. In order to further introduce the bio gas benefit to the officer both from ERD and Embassy of the PRC, the Ministry of Livestock organized a ceremony at on farmer's location in Minuyangoda. All delegates were deeply impressed with the bio gas benefit.
With GEI's effort the commercial counsellor of the Embassy agree to send this application amount USD6,000,000.00 back to Ministry of Commerce of the PRC. If the application can be approved, another 5100 bio gas tanks could be constructed in Sri Lanka. GEI will continue striving to promote the issue development.
Sri lanka bio gas project
2009-2-19 16:07:04 阅读(1) 评论(0)
1. Background of Sri Lanka
1.1 Sri Lanka energy and livestock development analysis
Sri Lanka is a severely energy short and impoverished country, especially in the 2003 tsunami-affected coastal regions. In addition, Sri Lanka has been highly depending on the petroleum products for electricity generation, transportation and industrial production. CEB continued to depend highly on thermal power. In 2007, about 60 per cent of total electricity generation was from thermal power. In the presence of escalating oil price, Sri Lanka economy is vulnerable to oil price shock.
On the other side Sri Lanka is agriculture country while the livestock sector plays a significant role in the Sri Lanka’s economy with its potential to contribute towards income generation, livelihood improvement and poverty alleviation. Its importance in improving nutrition status of people through the supply of animal proteins is well recognized. large quantities of milk and dairy products are imported, mostly in the form of milk powder. The current import bill on milk and dairy products amounts to Rs. 19.3 billion (2007), which is alarmingly high. The government has therefore recognized the dairy sector as the ‘priority sector’ in livestock development. The Ministry of Livestock Development is aim is to be at least 50% self sufficient in milk by the year 2015 so as to improve the nutritional status of the population. However, a problem has been arising during the livestock development expansion. The lack of adequate methods to handle the cow dung lead to sever environmental and health hazard.
Up to date there are about 5,000 bio gas units constructed in Sri Lanka and in most of the units the efficiency of bio gas production is not sufficient due to poor construction technology. Lack of expert knowledge on bio gas construction, poor maintenance by the farmer, non availability of trained technicians are some of the constrains identified which hinders expansion and utilization of bio gas in Sri Lanka.
1.2 The Ministry of Livestock development Sri Lanka in cooperation with Global Environmental Institute (GEI) supported by Blue Moon Fund implement the bio gas project in Sri Lanka
Subsequent to a visit in 2004, by the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Livestock, Lands and Irrigation of the government of Sri Lanka (the Ministry), to the People’s Republic of China to study agricultural development in the latter country, the Sri Lanka delegation had an opportunity to study the use of animal manure to generate bio-gas at farm level. The Global Environmental Institute (GEI) of China was spearheading a program assisting Chinese farmers on the utilization of biogas using farm manure. Being impressed by the multiple uses of bio-gas production systems at the farmers’ level in China and its benefits for saving energy from fossil fusels, the Ministry in cooperation with GEI submitted a proposal in 2005 to the Blue Moon Fund in the USA, which supports the use of alternate energy sources in developing countries. The Ministry proposed funding from the Blue Moon Fund to obtain the technical assistance and management from GEI to replicate the Institutes China-based biogas program in Sri Lanka.
2. The achievement at present
After GIE and The Ministry of Livestock Development come to an agreement of begin the joint-project. Both side has appoint coordinator and implement the project since Nov 2007. GEI send a bio gas engineer to assist the project implementation while the Ministry is response to select local masons for technician training and farmers for bio gas construction. Up to nowadays, more than 30 masons took part in bio gas construction training while approximately 100 farmers has build up new sty bio gas. Among these bio gas tanks the maximum site is 50 cubic meters and the minimum site is 6 cubic meters which is in accordance with the farmers’ livestock varieties and the quantity of their animals. All these new sty bio gas distributed at 5 different provinces including Western Province, Central Province, Southern Province, Sabaragamuwa Province, North western Province. Also, qualified masons train by GEI engineer are all registered on provincial Animal and Health office or training centre.
3. The introduction of Chinese new sty bio gas system
3.1 Compare to the local old sty bio gas unit the new sty is obviously different.
1. The new sty has two separate tanks one is for dung fermentation the other one is for gas storage.
2. The new shy has two outlets one is for pressure balance the other is manual pump for spent slurry outlet and fermentation tank circulation so as to improve the bio gas production.
3.2 The system improvement can create an innovation to bio gas concept.
1. There’s sufficient gas for daily utilization. The old sty can only storage bio gas 0.5—0.6m3 while the new sty can hold 2m3.
2. Constant gas pressure. The old sty bio gas pressure would gradually become weaker after a short team fire while the new sty not.
3. Long distance gas transport. The old sty bio gas transport is limited within 30 metres while the new sty not the longest one has done in Sri Lanka is 150m.
4. The formation tank can hold more amount of dung.
5. It is easy for farmers’ management. With the outlet pump farmers only need to handle it once a week so that gas will come effectively.
6. More than 20 years can be use.
3. Bio gas project influence among farmers.
The farmer who has followed the GEI technology to construct the new sty bio gas was delight and pride for having the bio gas unit. Famers are exciting for the strong power when using the bio gas for cooking. With the sufficient bio gas, they stop purchasing firewood and LP gas any more. Even they use bio gas rice cooker for cooking rice and save money from electrical burning. What’s more, with the bio gas lamp children can study under and the house lighten. Besides, the bio gas slurry is a high value fertilizer for planting. Farmers utilize the slurry due to their different situation such as for coconut, tea and vegetable etc.
In order two know how exactly farmers benefit from the bio gas project. We got an interview to central province and western province. The interview report is as follow.
Mr. R.W.Pereva. Peradeniya Kandy
Interviewer: What is the obvious benefit after you constructed the bio gas unit?
M: I use bio gas for cooking three meals a day and no need to buy LP gas and firewood which cost me Rs4000 to Rs5000 per month.
I: Besides saving money form fossil fuel, is there other thing this bio gas satisfy you？
M: Frankly, it even improves our family life. Because now we can freely cook everything thing we like. Look back the old days, we just select the short time cooking food due to the expensive LP gas. Further, I have 6 cows and the cow dung is big problem for me. Before, the corner of my yard was heaped with cow dung and the drainage is full of dung also, the dirty surround always made me upset. However, now all the dung and urine are directly flow to the bio gas tank and I really satisfy in my yard.
I: How do you deal with the slurry?
M (Smile on his face): I air the slurry and sell them to my neighbours who cultivate vegetable or paddy. Each mouth I can earn Rs1000 from selling 2 bags dry slurry which Rs500 per bag.
I: how much you pay for this bio gas construction?
M: actually, I spent Rs50,000 and the Ministry support Rs50,000. So within one year I can get back the money from saving and even I can get income by selling slurry.
Mr. Suran Fernando, 131 Andiambalama Minuwangoda
I: How long have you use this new sty bio gas.
S: 14 months since Nov 2007.
I: what is the bio gas brings to your family.
S: obviously, I didn’t buy LP gas or collected firewood from then on. What delighted me a lot is the bio gas rice cooker. Apart from using electrical rice cooker I can save 40 to 50 units of electricity.
I: can you calculate how much you save from using the bio gas?
S: I just tell you I can directly save LP gas is more Rs20,000 except the money saving from fertilizer and electricity.
4. The bio gas project has regenerated farmers’ faith and influenced on policy and standard.
This new sty bio gas fascinates more and more farmers. They begin to trust the new one will really benefit them. Farmers lost faith in the old sty bio gas due to its inefficacy for a long time, so regenerate farmers’ faith in bio gas usage is a meaningful work to this country.
Base on the success of this project the Ministry of Livestock Development has publish a “new bio gas manual” in local language. Besides, the Sri Lanka Standard Institute has compiled a "CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF BIO GAS SYSTEM".
In accordance with the positive response from farmers, an increasing number of farmers are requesting bio gas construction. The Ministry has decided to allocate some amount of fund for supporting the bio gas construction meanwhile to encourage farmers to further development of livestock. Farmers can submit an application to the local provincial director office for bio gas construction subsidy and assistance.
Furthermore, bio gas construction has been listed as a low interest supporting project which is 14% compare to commercial loan as 24%. If farmers are lack of money for the full amount cost, they can get loan from the Central Bank.
5. This project facilitates compositive development for Sri Lanka.
With the increasing of bio gas usage Sri Lanka can release from high pressure of shortage of fossil fuel. Meanwhile improve the rural live.
The government can save expenditure from fertilizer subsidies for the bio gas slurry can take the place of fertilizer.
The bio gas construction also can improve the development of livestock especially cow cultivation to meet the increasing request of milk and powder.
6. Emission Reduction
According to the data from Sri Lanka, the local people use 2 tons of firewood and 4 cans of LPG (13 kg/can) per household. And one 10 m3 biogas is enough for one household.
According to AMS-I.C:
Baseline Emission = Emission from firewood + Emission from LPG
Emission from firewood = firewood consumption * Emission Factors (tc/TJ)* Oxidation Factor (%)*Low Calorific Value （MJ/t,km）= 2 tons * 25.8 tc/TJ*100%*20908（MJ/t）*44/12=3.96 tons
Emission from LPG = LPG consumption * Emission Factors (tc/TJ)* Oxidation Factor (%)*Low Calorific Value （MJ/t,km）= 42 kg * 17.2 tc/TJ*100%*50179（MJ/t）*44/12 =132.9kg=0.133 tons
Baseline Emission=3.96+0.133=4.09 tons
Project Emission includes leakage from biogas digester and CH4 emissions from incomplete combustion. There is no specific data, but according to project “Biogas Support Program - Nepal (BSP-Nepal)”. Project Emission is 0.96 tons for 10 m3.
Emission Reduction:
Emission Reduction = Baseline Emission - Project Emission = 3.13 tons.
So the emission reduction for 10 m3 is 3.13 tons per year.
7. The project strategy for near future.
For the expansion of this bio gas project, GEI has suggested the Ministry submit an application for Chinese government donation through ERD to Embassy of the PRC in Sri Lanka. In order to further introduce the bio gas benefit to the officer both from ERD and Embassy of the PRC, the Ministry of Livestock organized a ceremony at on farmer's location in Minuyangoda. All delegates were deeply impressed with the bio gas benefit.
With GEI's effort the commercial counsellor of the Embassy agree to send this application amount USD6,000,000.00 back to Ministry of Commerce of the PRC. If the application can be approved, another 5100 bio gas tanks could be constructed in Sri Lanka. GEI will continue striving to promote the issue development.
What is my job focuses on
2008-11-13 17:57:57 阅读(1) 评论(0)
My organization is global environmentle institute and GEI for short. Our job is to cooperate with others organization or some government department to implement a program which is designed to solve the problem of social, environment as well as economical problems exist in poor areas.
My team is specialize in rural area sustainable development. This field is conflexible and difficult, but deserve to research and come to a wise sollusion to some of the harsh problem so as to release the pressure of the social ballance. Rural areas are short of energy, weak of health.
My own job is bio gas construction in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, an Indian ocean island country, is less developed and long for international assitant. Peasants are live far away the town and no eletricity can reach their families. We look forward changing their life in turns of bio gas construction. Since bio gas not only can make the daly life more easy and efficient, but also make it light at night.
泰米尔NEW YEAR
2008-10-27 22:23:04 阅读(7) 评论(5)
相信我们所有的上班同志们都相过节放假。你也许不可以选择自己的民族或国家，但是你可以选择工作的地点。假如你真的希望一年的工作中可以有许多假日的话，建议你选择斯里兰卡。这是一个节日多得让人发蒙的国家，对于一个工作上瘾的人，或者说拿工作当乐趣的人来说，这个国家绝对是个地狱。因为隔三岔五就有什么节日。这个国家信仰很多，尊重信仰，于是尊重信仰下享受的每个节日。就拿１０月份说吧，一个月之内有两个教派的新年，十月伊始是穆斯林的新年，下旬又是泰米尔的新年。
各过各的节也就算了，可是这些人无论是过谁家的节日都一起放假。于是假日多多的斯里兰卡经常是万人空巷各自躲家里过节了。这些人和咱中国人不一样，不喜欢热闹，所以这要那天走在街上，发现车子少了行人没了，肯定又是什么鸟节日了。节日里就连超市都会关门，所以对我们这些老外来说就有莫名没东西买没东西吃的一天。
今天是泰米尔新年，难怪早上能睡到１０多而不被三轮车那可恶的噪音吵醒，难怪狭小的街道上我可以不用担心飞速的行车，难怪超市很早就排起了长队……赶紧去买点吃的吧，咱也回去过新年 哈哈
我的司机们
2008-9-25 23:34:31 阅读(8) 评论(0)
来兰卡已经很长时间了，似乎已经习惯了些东西，比如他们天生的懒散，比如他们的废话连篇。这就是这方水土造化下的黑色人种。很多时候我都不喜欢这些黑皮肤，四肢发达的家伙。可是，那几个比较熟悉的还是感觉挺好的。就说我那不同地方的司机吧。说来吓坏大家了，到这没5个月，我得有近10位司机了。您还别不信，因为我的工作就是到不同的地区去做项目，每到一个地区，负责人都会把自己的车连同司机都配给了我，于是便成了我的司机。
这些司机挺好玩的。他们都有个相似点，他们不会说英语或者只会少量的撇脚的英语，所以刚跟我接触的时候，他们一般都不敢说话，对我毕恭毕敬。可是一到混了两三天，他们知道我平易近人后，都开始用撇脚的英语和我交谈，或者很投入地比划着手势与我交流些有趣的事情。我发现这些人都很快乐，很满足于自己所拥有额工作。也许这是我唯一能用中国哲学套用的在这个民族上的一点吧---知足常乐。
司机们总是很关心是不是该加油了，经常告诉我附近有哪些好玩的，还经常在我的工作中帮很大的忙，于是我就夸他们是当地的工程师，他们就更加开心了，每次我离开一个地方，这些司机都会问我下次还会再来吗？喜欢和我一起跑路，一起工作。而我也很开心在这漫漫征程中多了这些很色皮肤的伙伴。他们洁白的牙齿总是让人充满生活的希望。不必害怕贫穷，在大的苦也能被这口牙齿嚼碎，不是吗！